COMPARATIVE DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL HEPATITIS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL COURSE, AND THERAPEUTIC CHARACTERISTICS

Abstract

Abstract. Viral hepatitis represents a heterogeneous group of liver infections caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses and remains a major global health challenge. Despite similarities in clinical presentation, these infections differ significantly in epidemiological distribution, modes of transmission, disease progression, and therapeutic strategies. This study provides a comparative analysis of viral hepatitis types A–E, focusing on epidemiological characteristics, clinical course, diagnostic markers, and treatment-specific features. A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature and international clinical guidelines was conducted to synthesize current evidence. The results demonstrate that hepatitis A and E are predominantly acute, self-limiting infections associated with fecal–oral transmission, whereas hepatitis B, C, and D are mainly transmitted parenterally and have a high risk of chronicity. Chronic infections are closely linked to progressive liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Advances in antiviral therapy, particularly direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C, have markedly improved treatment outcomes, while management of hepatitis B and D remains challenging. Comparative diagnosis integrating epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, and specific laboratory markers is essential for accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment selection, and effective prevention of complications.