CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND PREVENTION OF PERIODONTITIS

Abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It develops primarily as a result of plaque accumulation and the subsequent formation of pathogenic bacterial biofilm. When oral hygiene is inadequate, plaque hardens into calculus, triggering an inflammatory response that gradually damages periodontal tissues. A combination of environmental, behavioral, systemic, and genetic factors can influence both the onset and progression of the disease. Common risk factors include smoking, diabetes mellitus, hormonal fluctuations, immunodeficiency disorders, stress, poor nutrition, and genetic predisposition. If left untreated, periodontitis can lead to tooth mobility, tooth loss, and significant impairment in oral functions, ultimately affecting overall health and quality of life.