MODERN SURGERY: PRINCIPLES, INNOVATIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Abstract

Surgery is one of the most essential branches of medical science, focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases through operative procedures. Over the past century, surgical practice has evolved significantly due to technological advancements, improved anesthesia, aseptic techniques, and a deeper understanding of human anatomy and physiology. This article discusses the fundamental principles of surgery, modern surgical innovations, ethical considerations, and future trends shaping the field.