HEART AND CIRCULATION

Abstract

The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart and blood vessels, serves as the primary transport network of the human body. It ensures continuous delivery of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune components to tissues while removing carbon dioxide and metabolic waste. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of cardiac anatomy (chambers, valves, layers), the two major circulatory loops (pulmonary and systemic), the cardiac cycle, conduction system, and coronary circulation. Key physiological mechanisms and clinical correlations are emphasized. The content is designed to support medical students mastering English medical terminology while deepening their understanding of cardiovascular structure and function.