MODERN PERSPECTIVES ON MAJOR AGE-RELATED EYE DISEASES: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Age-related eye diseases, particularly cataract, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are among the most common causes of vision impairment and blindness worldwide. With the global population aging rapidly, the prevalence of these conditions is projected to rise significantly, imposing clinical, economic, and social challenges. This review summarizes current knowledge of their epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiological mechanisms, alongside modern management strategies. Cataract remains the leading cause of blindness globally, while glaucoma is the primary cause of irreversible blindness. AMD is the most frequent cause of severe vision loss among the elderly in developed countries. Shared risk factors such as oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and genetic predisposition contribute to their progression. Advances in surgical techniques, pharmacological treatments such as anti-VEGF therapy for AMD, and public health interventions, including early screening and preventive care, provide opportunities to mitigate the burden of these diseases. A comprehensive, evidence-based understanding of their interrelationships is critical for future prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.