NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL SYSTEMS AND HORMONAL ADAPTIVE RESPONSES DURING EXPOSURE TO HARSH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Abstract

Abstract: This paper provides an updated review of hormonal regulation across the major neuroendocrine axes in response to extreme environmental stressors. Specific focus is placed on the sympatho-adrenal system, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. Current evidence demonstrates that these endocrine pathways act in an integrated and flexible manner, forming a coordinated hormonal network that supports systemic homeostasis under both acute and sustained stress. Changes in hormone release patterns reflect adaptive compensatory mechanisms, yet prolonged endocrine disruption can contribute to the development of stress-related pathologies. Elucidating the molecular and physiological foundations of these neuroendocrine interactions remains a central challenge in modern biomedicine, offering critical knowledge for enhancing prevention strategies and therapeutic approaches to stress-induced illnesses.