TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION: MODERN SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS OF GNATHOLOGICAL AND ORTHODONTIC APPROACHES

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represent one of the most актуal problems in modern dentistry, orthodontics, and gnathology. This article discusses the anatomy, biomechanics, etiology, diagnostics, and treatment principles of temporomandibular joint dysfunction based on contemporary scientific literature. The role of occlusion, muscle activity, psychoemotional factors, parafunctional habits, and skeletal disproportions is scientifically analyzed. Modern diagnostic methods such as MRI, CBCT, cephalometric analysis, and articulator diagnostics are reviewed. The article also explains the importance of individualized orthodontic and gnathological treatment planning in preventing complications and restoring stomatognathic balance.