THE PROBLEM OF EMPIRICISM AND RATIONALISM IN EASTERN AND WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

Abstract

This article analyzes the manifestation of empiricism and rationalism in the scientific and philosophical views of Eastern and Western thinkers of the Middle Ages. It comparatively examines the empirical and rational methods of cognition developed by Eastern scholars such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Al-Biruni, and Ulugh Beg, as well as the epistemological approaches of Western thinkers including Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Nicole Oresme, and Nicholas of Cusa.