INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE BASED ON MODERN COSMOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

Abstract

         The study of dark matter and dark energy represents one of the most fundamental and unresolved challenges in modern cosmology. These two components are believed to constitute approximately 95% of the total energy density of the Universe, while ordinary baryonic matter accounts for only about 5%. Despite their invisibility in the electromagnetic spectrum, their existence is strongly supported by multiple independent cosmological observations, including galaxy rotation curves, gravitational lensing effects, large-scale structure formation, and cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements.