LUPUS ( SYSTEMATIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOUS – SLE)

Abstract

Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted autoimmune disorder characterised by a chronic relapsing–remitting course, marked by the formation of autoantibodies and immune complex-mediated tissue damage across multiple organ systems.  Genetic predisposition, hormonal influences, epigenetic alterations and environmental triggers collectively breach immune tolerance and initiate aberrant activation of both innate and adaptive immune pathways.  Clinical manifestations range from mucocutaneous lesions, arthralgia and serositis to life-threatening complications such as lupus nephritis, central nervous system involvement and cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis remains challenging given the heterogeneity of presentation, and incorporates serologic markers (notably antinuclear antibodies) and validated classification criteria.  Therapeutic strategies focus on induction and maintenance of remission, utilising corticosteroids, antimalarials, immunosuppressants and targeted biologic agents, with the aim of minimising organ damage and improving long-term outcomes.  Continued advances in pathophysiology, biomarker development and personalised treatment approaches hold promise for altering the disease trajectory and enhancing quality of life for affected individuals.