FACTORS AFFECTING DNA PRESERVATION IN FORENSIC GENETICS: DEGRADATION, CONTAMINATION, AND EXPERT DECISION-MAKING

Abstract

DNA analysis is one of the most informative methods of forensic genetic identification; however, its reliability largely depends on the preservation of biological material and the absence of contamination. DNA degradation leads to molecular fragmentation, allele dropout, reduced amplification efficiency, and the formation of partial genetic profiles. Contamination, in turn, can introduce extraneous alleles and significantly distort forensic examination results. This article examines the main mechanisms of DNA degradation and contamination, analytical indicators of sample damage, the impact of these processes on forensic genetic interpretation, as well as modern diagnostic approaches, preventive measures, and technological solutions.