MOTIVATION IN PSYCHOLOGY: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

Motivation is one of the central concepts in modern psychology, as it explains why individuals initiate certain behaviors, how much effort they invest, and how long they persist in different activities. Over time, multiple theories—from classical instinct approaches to modern cognitive, humanistic, and neurological frameworks—have attempted to describe the internal and external forces driving human actions. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the concept of motivation, focusing on its definitions, types, theoretical models, and practical implications in educational, professional, and clinical settings. The discussion highlights the dynamic nature of motivational processes and emphasizes the importance of understanding individual differences, personal needs, and socio-cultural factors.