COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF CLINICAL, IMMUNOLOGICAL AND GENETIC FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently develops in patients with heart failure (HF), forming a complex pathophysiological entity commonly referred to as the cardiorenal syndrome. The progression of CKD in this population is driven by intertwined clinical, immunological, and genetic mechanisms. This review provides a comparative analysis of these determinants, emphasizing differences in their contribution to renal dysfunction across heart failure phenotypes. Clinical hemodynamic impairment, systemic inflammation, and genetic susceptibility collectively shape disease trajectory. A multidimensional model integrating these factors is proposed to improve risk stratification and personalized therapeutic strategies.