AGE DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE LEARNING
Keywords:
second language acquisition (SLA), age differences, critical period hypothesis, language learning strategies, cognitive development, neural plasticity, motivation in language learning, pronunciation acquisition, implicit and explicit learning, language proficiency, developmental stages, bilingualism, language pedagogy, learner variables, educational psychologyAbstract
Language learning is a multifaceted cognitive and social process shaped by numerous variables, among which age plays a central role. This article provides an in-depth examination of how age influences second language acquisition (SLA), focusing on differences among children, adolescents, and adults. It analyzes key dimensions such as neurological plasticity, cognitive development, learning strategies, motivation, and environmental factors. While younger learners are often believed to have a natural advantage due to heightened brain plasticity, research indicates that adults and adolescents possess distinct strengths, including advanced analytical skills and goal-oriented learning. The article also evaluates the Critical Period Hypothesis and its implications for language proficiency outcomes. By synthesizing theoretical perspectives and empirical findings, this paper argues that no single age group is universally superior; rather, successful language acquisition depends on the interaction between age-related characteristics, learning context, and individual motivation. The study concludes with pedagogical implications for optimizing language instruction across different age groups
