Modern education and development -The journal is directed to the publication of scientific, methodical, methodical and artistic articles and theses related to the fields of science
NARXNING MOHIYATI VA SHAKLLANISH XUSUSIYATLARI
Ushbu maqolada narxning iqtisodiy mohiyati, uning shakllanish omillari va bozor iqtisodiyotidagi ahamiyati yoritiladi. Shuningdek, narxning asosiy funksiyalari va unga ta’sir etuvchi ichki hamda tashqi omillar tahlil qilinadi.
narx, bozor, talab, taklif, iqtisodiyot, xarajat, raqobat.
MEHRLI MAKTAB IS THE FOUNDATION OF THE FUTURE: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE SYNERGY OF EMPATHY AND INCLUSIVE PEDAGOGY
This research paper investigates the 'Mehrli Maktab' (Caring School) concept as a transformative framework within the modern educational landscape of Uzbekistan. Moving beyond traditional instructional models, the 'Mehrli Maktab' philosophy integrates emotional intelligence, psychological safety, and inclusive pedagogy to foster an environment where every student can thrive. The study identifies that the emotional well-being of learners is the primary predictor of their future academic and social success. By analyzing contemporary educational trends between 2021 and 2026, the paper outlines the strategic necessity of empathy in school management and teacher-student interactions. The findings emphasize that a school built on kindness is not merely a moral preference but a mechanical necessity for producing a resilient, innovative, and socially responsible generation. Keywords: Inclusive education, Mehrli Maktab, Empathy, Social-Emotional Learning, Special Pedagogy, Student Wellbeing.
THE ROLE AND GOALS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN MODERN CLASSROOMS
So‘nggi yillarda inklyuziv ta’lim zamonaviy ta’lim tizimlarining muhim yo‘nalishiga aylangan bo‘lib, barcha o‘quvchilarga teng ta’lim imkoniyatlarini ta’minlashga qaratilgan. Ushbu tadqiqotning maqsadi inklyuziv ta’limning zamonaviy sinf xonalaridagi roli va maqsadlarini tahlil qilishdir. Tadqiqot sifatli yondashuv asosida olib borilib, 2021-2025 yillardagi ilmiy maqolalar, xalqaro tashkilotlar hisobotlari va nazariy manbalar tahlil qilindi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, inklyuziv ta’lim o‘quvchilarning akademik va ijtimoiy rivojlanishiga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi, biroq uning amaliyotga joriy etilishida o‘qituvchi tayyorgarligi va resurslar yetishmasligi kabi muammolar mavjud. Tadqiqot inklyuziv ta’lim samaradorligi o‘qituvchi kompetensiyasi, maktab rahbariyati va tizimli qo‘llab-quvvatlashga bog‘liqligini ko‘rsatadi.
inklyuziv ta’lim, zamonaviy sinf, o‘qituvchi tayyorgarligi, ta’lim siyosati, maxsus ehtiyojlar.
IMPLEMENTATION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
So‘nggi yillarda Yevropada inklyuziv ta’lim barcha o‘quvchilar uchun teng ta’lim imkoniyatlarini ta’minlashning muhim yo‘nalishiga aylangan. Ushbu tadqiqotning maqsadi tanlangan Yevropa mamlakatlarida inklyuziv ta’limni amalga oshirish jarayonini tahlil qilishdir. Tadqiqotda sifatli yondashuv qo‘llanilib, ilmiy maqolalar, xalqaro tashkilotlar hisobotlari va siyosiy hujjatlar tahlil qilindi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, inklyuziv ta’lim Yevropada keng qo‘llab-quvvatlansa-da, uning amaliyotda joriy etilishi mamlakatlar o‘rtasida farq qiladi. Asosiy muammolar sifatida o‘qituvchilar tayyorgarligining yetishmasligi, resurslar cheklanganligi va siyosat hamda amaliyot o‘rtasidagi tafovut aniqlandi. Tadqiqot inklyuziv ta’lim samaradorligi o‘qituvchilar kompetensiyasi, maktab resurslari va davlat siyosatiga bog‘liqligini ko‘rsatadi. Shuning uchun o‘qituvchilar malakasini oshirish va tizimli qo‘llab-quvvatlash zarur.
inklyuziv ta’lim, Yevropa, o‘qituvchi tayyorgarligi, ta’lim siyosati, maxsus ehtiyojlar.
PARALINGUISTIC FEATURES IN EVALUATION OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
This article examines the role of paralinguistic features in digital communication. While face-to-face interaction relies on intonation, pauses, gestures and facial expressions to convey emotions and intentions, these non-verbal cues are often limited or absent online. Users compensate by using textual markers such as punctuation, capitalization, ellipses, and emoticons, which communicate tone, emphasis, hesitation, and emotional nuances. The study also consider cultural and cognitive factors, showing that the interpretation of these cues may vary across different communities. The findings indicate that although some traditional paralinguistic signals are reduced in digital contexts, new strategies emerge to preserve emotional expressiveness and clarity in communication. This highlights the continuing importance of paralinguistic elements for effective understanding and interaction in virtual environments.
digital communication, paralinguistic features, online interaction, punctuation, emoticons, cultural context
MAKTABGACHA TA’LIM JARAYONIDA INDIVIDUAL YONDASHUV MASALASI
Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha ta’lim jarayonida individual yondashuv masalasi yoritilgan. Unda har bir bolaning individual xususiyatlari, qiziqishlari va rivojlanish darajasini hisobga olishning ahamiyati ochib beriladi. Shuningdek, individual yondashuv orqali bolalarning ijodiy fikrlashi, mustaqil qaror qabul qilish ko‘nikmalari va ta’limga bo‘lgan motivatsiyasi rivojlanishi asoslab beriladi.
ROLE OF FOREIGN MEDIA IN THE MEDIA SPACE
This article explores the role of foreign media (MEDIA) in the media space, including their influence, functions, and opportunities. In particular, the role of foreign media in the dissemination of information and cultural exchange on a global scale, as well as their impact on the local correspondent, is better explained. The article seeks to show the functions, contradictions and impact of foreign media in a wide range of media.
foreign media, media space, information dissemination, cultural exchange, impact
METHODS OF INVOLVING CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES IN THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT AND THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
Children with disabilities shouldn't have to fight to learn – they ought to get the fair shot they deserve. It's all about figuring out how to give them a chance, which connects to the wider idea of inclusive education. Here, educators experiment with different approaches, as personalized learning and adaptable programs that work for each kid. Group work and play-based activities also help – they're a way for children to engage with each other, even when they're working on different stuff. What actually makes a difference, though, is teamwork between instructors as well as a whole bunch of other professionals: parents, psychologists, speech therapists, and special needs experts. When everyone works together, children with special needs can feel at home in class. It's the environment that matters too – a welcoming space where kids can learn to get along with each other, express themselves, and figure out this whole social thing. The conditions that make this happen are super important.
children, inclusive, methods, experts, ability, education, institution, school, university, Individualized Education Plans (IEPs), UNICEF, “Ishonch 2030”, integrated classes
ROLE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN MEDICAL PRACTISE AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
In the modern as well as globalized world of healthcare, medical practice and scientific research, the role of English language is becoming more and more essential. The English language is becoming not only popular in many international communications, but also a common human language in many fields and also in the sphere of medicine. The present study explores the role of English language in contemporary medical practice and scientific research. The aim of this article is to show which English facilities international collaboration, dissemination of scientific knowledge, and access to evidence – based medical resources. It is mentioned that in a growing number of article and journals published in the English language and highlighted. As the English language continues to serve as the predominant language in a growing numbers of clinical practices, international collaborations, scientific researches as well as helps to serve for healthcare professionals. In the era of globalization, it is difficult to imagine the world without any foreign languages and rapid scientific developments. The study will conclude that the English language play a crucial role in progressing medical practice as well as improving the quality of healthcare in our planet.
medicine, health, English language, individuals, knowledge, foreign language, healthcare, health organization, medical practice, professor, diagnosis, education, clinical process, medical knowledge, doctor.
ISLAM: THE FATH OF FAITH, PEACE, AND HARMONY
Islam, as presented in the Qur`an, is a comprehensive way of life which is grounded in faith, peace and harmony. This article explores the core prrinciples of Islam, emphasizing iman (faith) as a foundation for moral responsibility and spiritual development. The Arabic word Islam means It highlights how the concept of peace (salam) is deeply embedded in Islamic teachings, encouraging reconciliation, justice, and coexistence among individuals and communities. The study also examines the Qur`anic emphasis on harmony, including respect for diversity, compassion, and social balance. Through selected interpretations. The Arabic word Islam oneself means to turn over to, to resign oneself, to submit. In religious terminology, it means submission or surrender to God, or to God`s will. The Koran uses the term and its derivatives in about seventy verses. We have already seen that the Koran and the Hadith use the word din (religious) in a range of meanings. This is typical for many important terms employed in Koran and the Islamic tradition. In the broadest sense, islam means submission to God as an undeniable fact of existence. If God is understood as the only reality truly worthy of the name – or reality with an uppercase then nothing else is truly real. So, in this article, you will know about how Islam, as articulated in Qur`an, represents a balanced system of faith that fosters inner spirituality, promotes peace, and establishes harmony within diverse societies.
Islam, Qur`an, peace, religions, belief, God, Allah, Prophet, Pillars, sura, Muslim, Muhammad, pray, society, harmony, faith, world, ayahs, juz.
HAYKALTAROSHLIK SAN’ATINING MOHIYATI VA VAZIFALARI
Mazkur maqolada haykaltaroshlik san’atining mohiyati, uning tasviriy san’at tizimidagi o‘rni va asosiy vazifalari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, haykaltaroshlikning badiiy ifoda vositalari, hajm va kompozitsiya xususiyatlari hamda insonning estetik didini shakllantirishdagi ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada ushbu fan orqali ijodiy tafakkurni rivojlantirish va badiiy ko‘nikmalarni shakllantirish masalalari ko‘rib chiqiladi.
Haykaltaroshlik, tasviriy san’at, hajm, makon, kompozitsiya, proporsiya, plastik ifoda, material (tosh, bronza, yog‘och, loy), estetik tarbiya, monumental haykaltaroshlik, tarixiy xotira, ma’naviy qadriyatlar, san’at va jamiyat, obraz, shakl, rel’yef, zamonaviy haykaltaroshlik.
Mazkur maqolada jadid adabiy tanqidining shakllanishi jarayonida Vadud Mahmudning munaqqidlik faoliyati ilmiy-estetik jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Uning adabiy-tanqidiy qarashlari, badiiy asarga yondashuv mezonlari, zamondoshlari ijodiga bergan baholari hamda milliy adabiyot rivojiga qo‘shgan hissasi yoritiladi. Shuningdek, munaqqidning ilmiy merosi zamonaviy adabiyotshunoslik nuqtai nazaridan baholanadi.
munaqqidlik faoliyati, jadid adabiyoti, Vadud Mahmud, adabiy tanqid, estetik tahlil, badiiy asar, milliy uyg‘onish, adabiy jarayon, ilmiy meros.
ADABIY TANQID VA CHOʻLPON IJODI: NAZARIY ASOSLAR VA ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR
Mazkur maqolada oʻzbek adabiy tanqidining nazariy asoslari va Choʻlpon ijodining oʻrganilishi masalalari keng yoritiladi. Adabiy tanqidning tarixiy va zamonaviy konsepsiyalari, ularning Choʻlpon asarlarini tahlil etishdagi ahamiyati, milliy va mintaqaviy tanqidchilar tajribasi asosida chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada Choʻlpon ijodining tanqidiy qabul qilinishi, adabiy jarayonlarga ta’siri va zamonaviy tadqiqotlar doirasidagi o‘rni ilmiy asosda yoritiladi. Nazariy va amaliy yondashuvlar, shuningdek, tanqidiy bahs-munozaralar hamda Choʻlpon asarlariga zamonaviy qarashlar tahlili ham oʻrin olgan.
Ushbu maqolada Izzat Sultonning nazariyotchi olim sifatidagi ilmiy va ijodiy faoliyati o‘rganilib, uning 1930-yillardan boshlab adabiyotshunoslik va tanqidchilik yo‘nalishidagi izlanishlari, jumladan “Adabiyot nazariyasi” darsligi va boshqa ilmiy asarlari yoritiladi. Maqolada, shuningdek, Izzat Sultonning Alisher Navoiy ijodini o‘rganishdagi hissasi, Navoiy hayotiga bag‘ishlangan maqolalari tahlil qilinadi.
Izzat Sulton, o‘zbek adabiyotshunosligi, adabiyot nazariyasi, navoiyshunoslik, dramaturgiya, kinossenariy, mumtoz adabiyot, zamonaviy adabiyot, adabiy tanqid, sahna san’ati, ilmiy meros
MODERN SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN THE OPERATION OF GAS PIPELINES
Ensuring the safe operation of gas pipelines is essential for maintaining reliable energy supply, protecting the environment, and safeguarding public health. Modern gas pipeline systems function under complex technical and environmental conditions, including aging infrastructure, urban expansion, fluctuating operating pressures, and increasing regulatory requirements. This study examines contemporary safety requirements in the operation of gas pipelines, with emphasis on regulatory compliance, corrosion protection, leak detection technologies, pressure control mechanisms, digital monitoring systems, and organizational safety management. The analysis shows that the integration of preventive engineering measures, real-time monitoring through automated control systems, and systematic personnel training significantly reduces accident probability and limits the consequences of emergency situations. The findings highlight that a comprehensive and risk-oriented safety framework is essential for achieving long-term reliability, operational stability, and sustainable development of modern gas pipeline infrastructure.
Gas pipelines; operational safety; safety requirements; corrosion protection; leak detection; pressure control; SCADA monitoring; risk-based management; emergency response; infrastructure reliability.
MODERNIZATION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES
The modernization of water supply systems in housing and communal services is a key factor in ensuring sustainable urban development and efficient resource management. Many existing systems are characterized by aging infrastructure, high water losses, low energy efficiency, and inadequate water quality control. This study examines modern approaches to upgrading water supply systems, including the use of smart technologies, energy-efficient pumping equipment, advanced leak detection methods, and modern pipeline materials. The research is based on analytical and comparative methods, as well as the evaluation of current practices in urban water management. The results indicate that modernization can significantly reduce non-revenue water, improve operational efficiency, enhance water quality, and increase system reliability. The implementation of automated monitoring systems such as SCADA and smart metering enables real-time control and optimization of water distribution networks. The study concludes that despite the need for substantial initial investment, modernization provides long-term economic, environmental, and social benefits. It is recommended that water utilities adopt integrated and innovative strategies to ensure the sustainable development of water supply systems in housing and communal services.
Water supply systems; modernization; housing and communal services; urban infrastructure; water loss reduction; non-revenue water (NRW); smart water management; SCADA systems; energy efficiency; pumping stations; water quality; pipeline rehabilitation; sustainable development; leak detection; water distribution networks.
XORIJIY TAJRIBALAR ASOSIDA MAKTABGACHA YOSHDAGI BOLALARNING INTELLEKTUAL FAOLIYATINING HOZRGI HOLATI VA TAHLILI
Mazkur maqolada maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarning intellektual faoliyatini rivojlantirish bo‘yicha xorijiy tajribalar tahlil qilinadi hamda ularning hozirgi holati yoritiladi. Tadqiqotda rivojlangan davlatlar — Finlandiya, Yaponiya, Janubiy Koreya, Germaniya va AQSh maktabgacha ta’lim tizimlarida bolalarning aqliy rivojlanishini qo‘llab-quvvatlashga qaratilgan yondashuvlar o‘rganildi. Shuningdek, STEAM ta’limi, o‘yin texnologiyalari, muammoli o‘qitish va individual yondashuv kabi zamonaviy metodlarning samaradorligi tahlil qilindi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, xorijiy tajribada intellektual faoliyatni rivojlantirish asosan bolaning mustaqil fikrlashi, ijodkorligi va mantiqiy tafakkurini shakllantirishga yo‘naltirilgan. Shuningdek, raqamli texnologiyalardan foydalanish, interaktiv muhit yaratish va ota-ona ishtirokini kuchaytirish muhim omil sifatida qaraladi. Ushbu yondashuvlar asosida mamlakatimiz maktabgacha ta’lim tizimini takomillashtirish bo‘yicha taklif va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqildi.
Maktabgacha ta’lim, intellektual rivojlanish, xorijiy tajriba, STEAM yondashuvi, kognitiv faoliyat, ijodkorlik, mantiqiy tafakkur, interaktiv ta’lim, erta rivojlanish, pedagogik texnologiyalar
BOLALARNI BOSHLANGʻICH TAʼLIMGA MAJBURIY BIR YILLIK TAYYORLASH TIZIMINI RIVOJLANTIRISH MEXANIZMLARI
Mazkur ish bolalarni boshlang‘ich ta’limga majburiy bir yillik tayyorlash tizimini rivojlantirish mexanizmlarini o‘rganishga bag‘ishlangan. Maktabga tayyorlov tizimi bolalarning jismoniy, intellektual, ijtimoiy va psixologik rivojlanishini ta’minlovchi muhim bosqich hisoblanadi. Shu sababli bir yillik majburiy tayyorlov jarayonini samarali tashkil etish, uning mazmuni va metodikasini takomillashtirish bugungi ta’lim tizimining dolzarb vazifalaridan biridir. Ishda bolalarni maktabga tayyorlash tizimining hozirgi holati, mavjud muammolar va ularni bartaraf etish yo‘llari tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, pedagogik yondashuvlar, zamonaviy o‘qitish metodlari, interaktiv mashg‘ulotlar, o‘yin texnologiyalari va individual yondashuvning ahamiyati yoritiladi. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, bir yillik tayyorlov dasturida qatnashgan bolalar boshlang‘ich ta’limga moslashishda 30–40% yuqori natija ko‘rsatadi, ularning nutqiy, kognitiv va ijtimoiy ko‘nikmalari sezilarli darajada rivojlanadi.
Maktabga tayyorlov, majburiy bir yillik ta’lim, boshlang‘ich ta’lim, pedagogik mexanizmlar, ta’lim tizimi, maktabgacha ta’lim, bolalar rivojlanishi, kognitiv ko‘nikmalar.
STEAM YONDASHUVI ASOSIDA MAKTABGACHA YOSHDAGI BOLALARDA KREATIV FIKRLASHNI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING NAZARIY-PEDAGOGIK ASOSLARI
Mazkur maqolada STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics) yondashuvi asosida maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda kreativ fikrlashni rivojlantirishning nazariy-pedagogik asoslari tahlil etilgan. Tadqiqotda kreativ fikrlash tushunchasi, uning tarkibiy komponentlari hamda bolalarning yosh xususiyatlariga mos holda rivojlanish mexanizmlari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, STEAM yondashuvining mazmun-mohiyati, uning integrativ xarakteri hamda ta’lim jarayonida qo‘llashning samarali usullari ilmiy jihatdan asoslab berilgan. Maqolada maktabgacha ta’lim tizimida STEAM texnologiyalaridan foydalanish orqali bolalarning mustaqil fikrlashi, muammolarni hal qilish ko‘nikmalari va ijodiy qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirish imkoniyatlari ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari STEAM yondashuvi asosida tashkil etilgan ta’lim jarayoni bolalarning intellektual va ijodiy rivojlanishida muhim omil ekanligini tasdiqlaydi.
STEAM yondashuvi, kreativ fikrlash, maktabgacha ta’lim, integratsiya, innovatsion ta’lim texnologiyalari, ijodkorlik, muammoli vaziyat, mustaqil fikrlash, pedagogik yondashuv, bolalar rivojlanishi
OROLBO'YI HUDUDIDA BOLALIKNING BIRINCHI DAVRIDA TEZ TEZ KASALLANADIGAN BOLALARNING JISMONIY RIVOJLANISHI XUSUSIYATLARI
Ushbu maqola Orolbo‘yi hududida tez-tez kasallanadigan bolalarning jismoniy rivojlanish xususiyatlarini ilmiy asosda o‘rganishga bag‘ishlangan. Tadqiqot davomida bolalarning bo‘y, vazn, tana massasi indeksi, mushak va suyak massasining rivojlanishi, immunitet darajasi va tez-tez kasallanish bilan bog‘liq o‘zgarishlar batafsil tahlil qilindi. Maqoladan chiqarilgan xulosalar hududda bolalar salomatligini yaxshilash, profilaktik chora-tadbirlarni samarali rejalashtirish va sog‘lomlashtirish dasturlarini takomillashtirishga yordam beradi. Bu biologik va ekologik omillar ta’sirini ham hisobga olgan holda olib borildi.
Orolbo‘yi hududi, bolalik, tez-tez kasallanish, jismoniy rivojlanish, bo‘y, vazn, tana massasi indeksi, mushak massasi, suyak massasi, immunitet, sog‘lomlashtirish, profilaktika, bolalar salomatligi, ekologik omillar, biologik rivojlanish, statistika, monitoring.
NERV TIZIMI BIOKIMYOSI: NEYROMEDIATORLAR ALMASHINUVI VA SINAPTIK UZATISHNING MOLEKULYAR ASOSLARI
Ushbu maqolada nerv tizimining biokimyoviy asoslari, xususan markaziy nerv tizimi hujayralarining kimyoviy tarkibi, neyromediatorlarning sintezi, parchalanishi va qayta o‘zlashtirilishi, sinaptik uzatish mexanizmlari hamda miya to‘qimasida energiya almashinuvi jarayonlari keng yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ushbu jarayonlarning buzilishi bilan bog‘liq klinik holatlar ham tahlil qilingan. Maqolada nerv hujayralarining o‘ziga xos metabolik xususiyatlari, ularning yuqori darajada ixtisoslashganligi va tashqi omillarga sezuvchanligi alohida ta’kidlanadi. Neyromediatorlar almashinuvi bosqichlari izchil ko‘rib chiqilib, ularning nerv impulslarini uzatishdagi hal qiluvchi roli asoslab berilgan. Sinaptik uzatish jarayonida ishtirok etuvchi fermentlar, ion kanallari va retseptorlarning o‘zaro bog‘liqligi molekulyar darajada tahlil qilingan.
neyron, sinaps, neyromediator, asetilxolin, dopamin, serotonin, GABA, glutamat, energiya almashinuvi, nerv tizimi, ion kanallari, receptorlar, mitoxondriya.
JIGAR XASTALIKLARIDA ORGANIZMDA KUZATILADIGAN BIOKIMYOVIY OʻZGARISHLAR
Mazkur maqolada jigar kasalliklari (gepatitlar, sirroz, steatoz va boshqa patologik holatlar)da organizmda yuzaga keladigan asosiy biokimyoviy o‘zgarishlar chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Jigar metabolizmning markaziy organi sifatida oqsil, uglevod, lipid almashinuvi hamda detoksikatsiya jarayonlarida muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Uning funksional buzilishlari natijasida qonda fermentlar faolligining oshishi (ALT, AST, ALP), bilirubin almashinuvining buzilishi, gipoproteinemiya, dislipidemiya va azot almashinuvi buzilishlari yuzaga keladi. Shuningdek, oksidlovchi stress, antioksidant tizimning susayishi va endogen toksinlarning to‘planishi jigar yetishmovchiligi patogenezida muhim o‘rin tutadi. Maqolada ushbu o‘zgarishlarning molekulyar mexanizmlari, diagnostik biomarkerlar va klinik ahamiyati keng yoritilgan.
Jigar kasalliklari, gepatit, sirroz, ALT, AST, bilirubin, metabolizm, oqsil almashinuvi, lipid almashinuvi, detoksikatsiya, oksidlovchi stress, gipoproteinemiya, fermentlar, biokimyoviy ko‘rsatkichlar.
CHIZIQLI DIFFERENSIAL TENGLAMALARNING TURG‘UNLIGINI LYAPUNOV USULI BILAN TADQIQ QILISH
Mazkur ishda chiziqli differensial tenglamalarning turg‘unligini Aleksandr Lyapunov tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Lyapunov usuli asosida tadqiq qilish masalalari yoritilgan. Tizimlarning turg‘unlik tushunchasi, uning turlari hamda Lyapunov funksiyalari yordamida turg‘unlikni aniqlash usullari ilmiy jihatdan asoslab berilgan. Shuningdek, chiziqli differensial tenglamalar uchun Lyapunovning bevosita (to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri) usuli qo‘llanilib, tizimning muvozanat holati atrofidagi xatti-harakatlari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari matematik modellashtirish, boshqaruv nazariyasi va amaliy masalalarda keng qo‘llanishi mumkin.
Chiziqli differensial tenglama, turg‘unlik, Lyapunov usuli, Lyapunov funksiyasi, muvozanat holati, asimptotik turg‘unlik, beqarorlik, dinamik tizim, matematik modellashtirish, boshqaruv nazariyasi.
BIOECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF THE RAW MATERIALS OF GREATER PLANTAIN (PLANTAGO MAJOR L.) AND BLOND PSYLLIUM (PLANTAGO OVATA L.) INTRODUCED IN THE CONDITIONS OF UZBEKISTAN
This study analyzes the morphological, bioecological, and chemical properties of Plantago major L. (Greater Plantain) and Plantago ovata L. (Blond Psyllium) introduced into the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan. The research results revealed that the total polysaccharide (mucilage) content in the seeds and husks of P. ovata ranges from 20,0% to 35,0%, while the leaves of P. major are characterized by a significant concentration of aucubin (0,8-1,5%). Furthermore, the total amino acid content (9,50-12,00%) and its significance for the human body were investigated. The article highlights the gastroprotective, wound-healing, and immunomodulatory properties of Plantago raw materials, as well as their strategic importance as an import-substituting raw material for the local pharmaceutical and food industries. The findings confirm that these Plantago species are highly promising for large-scale cultivation in the Republic's soil and climatic conditions.
Plantago major L., Plantago ovata L., introduction, aucubin, mucilage, amino acids, gastroprotective, pharmaceuticals, raw materials, Uzbekistan.
BIOECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF THE RAW MATERIALS OF THYME (THYMUS VULGARIS L.) INTRODUCED IN THE CONDITIONS OF UZBEKISTAN
This study analyzes the morphological, bioecological, and chemical properties of Thymus vulgaris L. (Thyme) introduced into the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan. The research results revealed that the total essential oil content in the plant’s aerial parts ranges from 1,5% to 3,5%, with thymol being the dominant compound (35-60%). Furthermore, the total amino acid content (8,20-10,50%) and its significance for the human body were investigated. The article highlights the antiseptic, expectorant, and immunomodulatory properties of thyme raw materials, as well as their strategic importance as an import-substituting raw material for the local pharmaceutical and food industries. The findings confirm that Thymus vulgaris L. is a highly promising species for large-scale cultivation in the Republic's soil and climatic conditions.
Thymus vulgaris L., introduction, thymol, amino acids, antiseptic, pharmaceuticals, expectorant, raw materials, Uzbekistan.
PLATICODON (PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUS (JACQ.) A.DC.) O‘SIMLIGINI BIOEKOLOGIК XUSUSIYATLARI VA XALQ XO‘JALIGIDAGI AHAMYATI
Mazkur maqolada, Platicodon (Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.D.C.) o‘simligini bioekologik, dorivorlik xususiyatlari hamda yetishtirish texnologiyasiga oid xorijiy va mahalliy ilmiy adabiyotlarning tahlillari keltirib o‘tilgan. Tahlil natijalari bugungi kunda Platicodon o‘simligining ahamiyati yuqori ekanligini tasdiqlaydi. Bu kabi ko‘p qirrali dorivor o‘simliklarni yetishtirish, ko‘paytirish, plantatsiyalarda o‘stirish hamda madaniylashtirish borasida mahalliy va xorijda o‘tkazilgan uzoq yillik tajribalar, ularni turli xil oila vakillari va turkum turlarni tanlashda tajribali olimlar, soha vakillari, mutaxassislar muallifligida ilmiy asoslangan tadqiqot ishlari asosida o‘simlikning bioekologik xususiyatlari, mintaqaning tuproq–iqlim sharoitlariga mosligi, shifobaxshlik xususiyatlari hamda tibbiyotda foydalanilishi kabi omillarni inobatga olish maqsadga muvofiq bo‘lishi aniqlandi.
Platicodon (Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.D.C.), introduksiya ,bioekologik xususiyat, fenologik kuzatuvlar.
INTRODUCED COMMON GOJI BERRY (LYCIUM BARBARUM L.) STUDY OF THE BOTANICAL-MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PLANT
This research analyzes the bioecological features and chemical composition of the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. (Goji), a promising introduced species belonging to the Solanaceae Juss. family. Modern analytical methods, including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), spectrophotometry, and gravimetry, were employed during the study. Results indicate that the fruits contain a complex of immunomodulating polysaccharides (LBP) ranging from 3,5% to 8,5%, and carotenoids (0,5-1,2%), specifically zeaxanthin dipalmitate, which protects the retina. Amino acid analysis revealed that L.barbarum possesses a rich profile with 18 types of amino acids, ensuring high nutritional and pharmaceutical value. The paper scientifically justifies the adaptation mechanisms of the plant to the arid climate of Uzbekistan and the relevance of its industrial cultivation.
Lycium barbarum, Goji, introduction, polysaccharides (LBP), zeaxanthin, amino acids, HPLC, antioxidant, pharmacognosy, flora.
STUDY OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF LYCIUM RUTHENICUM MURRAY FRUITS
This study is devoted to the study of the phytochemical composition and biological activity of the plant Lycium ruthenicum Murray (Black goji, goji berry). During the study, the phenolic compounds and amino acid composition of the plant fruits were analyzed using modern chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that gallic acid (57.94%) and polysaccharides (26.64%) were dominant in the fruit, which determined its high antioxidant activity. The plant also contained 11.64% total amino acids, of which 4.69% were essential. The study demonstrated the anticancer (antiproliferative), cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic and anti-obesity (lipase and α-glucosidase inhibition) properties of black goji extract. The data obtained reveal the prospects for the use of Black goji (Lycium ruthenicum) fruits as a strategic raw material and immunomodulatory agent in the pharmaceutical, cosmetology and functional food industries.
Lycium ruthenicum, black goji, gallic acid, anthocyanins, polysaccharides, amino acids, cardioprotection, antioxidant, antiproliferative activity.
MENTHA PIPERITA L. STUDY OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ITS LEAVES
This study is devoted to investigating the biochemical composition, nutritional value, and pharmaceutical potential of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). During the research, the essential oils, phenolic compounds, and amino acid complexes of the plant leaves were analyzed using modern analytical methods. The results revealed that peppermint raw material is dominated by menthol (45-55%), rosmarinic acid (52.14%), and flavonoids (11.30%), which determine its high therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, a total of 11.40% amino acids were identified in the leaf composition, with 4.62% consisting of essential types. The study demonstrates the antispasmodic, antiseptic, sedative, and cardiotropic properties of peppermint extract, as well as its adaptogenic potential to increase the body's resistance to stress. The obtained data indicate that the cultivation of Mentha piperita L. under the Republic's climatic conditions is of great importance in creating a strategic raw material base for the pharmaceutical, dietetic, and functional food industries as an import-substituting product.
Mentha piperita L., peppermint, menthol, rosmarinic acid, amino acids, adaptogen, antispasmodic, essential oil, introduction
STEVIA REBAUDIANA BERTONI STUDY OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ITS LEAVES
This study is devoted to investigating the biochemical composition, nutritional value, and pharmaceutical potential of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). During the research, the steviol glycosides, phenolic compounds, and amino acid complexes of the plant leaves were analyzed using modern analytical methods. The results revealed that stevia raw material is dominated by stevioside (60-70%), rebaudioside A (20-30%), and flavonoids, which determine its high therapeutic efficacy as a natural non-caloric sweetener. Additionally, a total of 10.48% amino acids were identified in the leaf composition, with 4.65% consisting of essential types. The study demonstrates the hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of stevia extract, as well as its potential to regulate metabolic processes and support weight management. The obtained data indicate that the cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under the Republic's climatic conditions is of great importance in creating a strategic raw material base for the pharmaceutical, dietetic, and food industries as an import-substituting product.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, stevia, stevioside, rebaudioside A, amino acids, hypoglycemic, natural sweetener, glycosides, introduction.