ETIOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES

Abstract

 Dental caries is a multifactorial, biofilm-mediated, diet-modifiable 
disease characterized by the demineralization of dental hard tissues. Its etiology 
involves a complex interaction between cariogenic microorganisms, fermentable 
carbohydrates, host susceptibility factors, and time. Mutans streptococci, Lactobacillus 
species, and other acidogenic and aciduric bacteria play a central role by metabolizing 
dietary sugars into organic acids, leading to a sustained decrease in plaque pH. Host
related factors—including tooth morphology, enamel composition, saliva flow and 
buffering capacity, and overall oral hygiene—significantly influence caries risk. 
Environmental and behavioral factors such as frequent sugar intake, poor dietary 
habits, inadequate fluoride exposure, and socioeconomic conditions also contribute to 
disease development. Understanding the etiology of dental caries is essential for 
implementing targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies, including nutritional 
counseling, plaque control, fluoride therapy, and minimally invasive treatment 
approaches.