ELECTRONIC STIMULATORS. LOW-FREQUENCY PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Keywords:
Keywords: Electrotherapy, Physiotherapy, Low-frequency, TENS, EMS, NMES, Pain modulation, Muscle stimulationAbstract
Low-frequency physiotherapeutic electronic stimulators are vital non-
pharmacological interventions for musculoskeletal and neurological conditions. This
article reviews their electrophysiological principles, technical classifications, clinical
applications, and safety considerations at a graduate level. It details how electrical
parameters modulate biological responses, distinguishing modalities like TENS, EMS,
NMES, and IFT. The synthesis also covers regulatory oversight, efficacy evidence, and
future directions, emphasizing the balance between technology, precise application,
and patient safety for optimal rehabilitation outcomes.
References
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