COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CASE SYSTEMS IN UZBEK AND GERMAN LANGUAGES

Abstract

Introduction 
In the language system, grammatical categories are among the main tools that 
regulate speech. One of the most important of these categories is the case category, 
which  determines  the  grammatical  functions  of  nouns  in  a  sentence  and  their 
relationships with other words. Through cases, syntactic-semantic relations such as 
subject, object, possession, direction, and others are expressed. Therefore, the  case 
system  plays  an  important  role  in  understanding  the  grammatical  structure  of  any 
language.  Uzbek  and  German  belong  to  different  typological  groups:  Uzbek  is  an 
agglutinative language, while German belongs to the inflectional (fusional) language 
type. This difference is clearly reflected in the expression of case. In Uzbek, cases are 
mainly formed by attaching suffixes to nouns, whereas in German they are expressed 
through changes in articles, nouns, and pronouns. Despite these differences, in both 
language systems the primary function of case is to clarify grammatical relations within 
the  sentence  structure.  In  modern  comparative  linguistics,  comparing  structurally 
different languages makes it possible to identify their common and distinctive features. 
A  comparative  study  of  the  case  systems  in  Uzbek  and  German  is  particularly 
important both theoretically and practically for Uzbek-speaking learners of German. 
Therefore, this research aims to analyze the grammatical and functional aspects of the 
case category based on the two languages. The case category is not only morphological 
and syntactic but also a semantically and typologically significant part of the language 
system. Modern comparative linguistic studies show that although cases are expressed 
differently  across  languages,  their  primary  function  is  to  clarify  the  relationships 
between subject and object and to make sentence meaning clear. In Uzbek, cases are 
formed through an agglutinative mechanism and, together with relatively free word 
order, ensure semantic clarity. In German, cases interact with articles and noun forms 
and  are  connected  with  gender  and  number,  which  increases  morphological 
complexity. These aspects provide an important basis for comparative and typological 
analysis and help develop effective approaches for Uzbek speakers learning German.